Performing a GPC Analysis
GPC ºÐ¼®À» ¼öÇàÇϴµ¥ ÀÖ¾î¼ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ±âÁØÀº °íºÐÀÚ¸¦ ³ìÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àû´çÇÑ ¿ë¸Å¸¦ ã´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.»ç¼ÒÇÑ ÀÏó·³ º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸ GPC °¡ ¿ë¾×³» °íºÐÀÚÀÇ Å©±â¿¡ µû¶ó ºÐ¸®ÇÏ´Â ±â¼úÀÎ °ÍÀ» ±â¾ïÇØ ³»¶ó. °íºÐÀÚ »ç½½Àº ¿ë¾× ³»¿¡¼ Ç®¾îÁú °ÍÀÌ°í ¼±ÅÃµÈ ¿ë¸Å´Â ÀÌ°ÍÀÇ Å©±â°¡ ¾î¶°ÇÑ Áö¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¹Àº °íºÐÀÚµéÀÌ »ó¿ÂÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿ë¸Å ³»¿¡¼ ³ìÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ°í °¡²û(ƯÈ÷, ¸Å¿ì °áÁ¤ÈµÈ °íºÐÀÚµé) ¿ëÇØÇϴµ¥ °í¿ÂÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. GPC ½Ã·á Áغñ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Áß¿äÇÑ Á¡Àº ³óµµ ¼±ÅÃÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à Ä÷³¿¡ µé¾î°¡´Â ½Ã·áÀÇ mass loadingÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Å©´Ù¸é, ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÑ ¿ë¸® ºÎÇǸ¦ À¯¹ßÇÏ´Â ³óµµ³ª Á¡¼ºµµ ¿µÇâÀ» À¯¹ßÇÒ Áö ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ °í·Á»çÇ×Àº °íºÐÀÚ ¿ë¾×À» ¿©°úÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö ¾Æ´ÑÁö ÀÌ´Ù.
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Solvent Selection ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î¼ Å×Æ®¶óÇÏÀ̵å·ÎÇ»¶õ(THF)Àº »ó¿Â¿¡¼ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °¡Àå ÈçÇÑ À¯±â ¿ë¸ÅÀÌ´Ù. THF ´Â PVC, Æú¸®Ä«º¸³×ÀÌÆ®, Æú¸®½ºÆ¼·», Æú¸®¸ÞÆ¿¸ÞŸ¾ÆÅ©¸±·¹ÀÌÆ® ¹× ±× ¹ÛÀÇ ¾ÆÅ©¸± ÈÇÕ¹° µé¿¡ ¾ÆÁÖ ÁÁ´Ù. Åç·ç¿£Àº Æú¸®ºÎŸµð¿£, Æú¸®À̼ÒÇÁ·», SBR°ú °°Àº ź¼ºÃ¼µé¿¡ Àß Àû¿ëµÈ´Ù. Hexafluoroisopropanol(HFIP)´Â PET(poly(ethyleneterephthalate)¿Í PBT(poly(butyleneterephthalate)»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ³ªÀÏ·ÐÀ» ³ìÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Æú¸®¿Ã·¹ÇɵéÀº °í¿ÂÀÇ (~135-145oC) 1,2,4 Æ®¸®Å¬·Î·Îº¥Á¨¿¡¼ ÀüÇüÀûÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼®µÈ´Ù. ¿ë¸Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ó¼¼ÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ Ç¥¸¦ ÂüÁ¶ÇϽÿÀ.
Solvent Selection Guide for Room Temp. Organic soluble polymers
Polymer | Solvent | Temp. |
Acronitrile/Methylmethacrylate | THF | 40 |
Cellouse Acetate | THF | 40 |
Cellouse Acetate/Butyrate | THF | 40 |
Cellouse Acetate/Propionate | THF | 40 |
Cellouse Triacetate | THF | 40 |
Dallyl Phthalate | THF | 40 |
Ethyl Acetate | THF | 40 |
Epoxy Resins | THF | 40 |
Phenolic Resins | THF | 40 |
Polyglycolic Acid | THF | 40 |
Polyester Alkyd Resins | THF | 40 |
Polymethylmethactylate and other | THF | 40 |
Acrylics and Acrylates | THF | 40 |
Polypropyleneglycol | THF | 40 |
Polystyrene | THF | 40 |
Polystyrene/Acrylonitrile,(SAN)(Low ACN) | THF | 40 |
Polysulfone | THF | 40 |
Polyurethane(Some) | THF | 40 |
Polyviylacetate | THF | 40 |
Polyvinylbutyral | THF | 40 |
Polyvinylchloride | THF | 40 |
Polyvinylchloride/Acetate | THF | 40 |
Polyvinylidenechloride | THF | 40 |
Polyvinylformal | THF | 40 |
Thermosetting Polyesters | THF | 40 |
Rosin Acids | THF | 40 |
¡¡
Polybutadiene | Toluene | 75 |
Polychloroprene(Neoprene) | Toluene | 75 |
Polydimethylsiloxanes ( Silicone Oils and Rubber) | Toluene | 75 |
Polyisobutylene(Butyl Rubber) | Toluene | 75 |
Polyisoprene, Natural Rubber | Toluene | 75 |
Chlorinated Rubber | Toluene | 75 |
Styrene/butadiene Rubber (SBR) | Toluene | 75 |
Styrene-isoprene (SI) | Toluene | 75 |
¡¡
Acrylonitrile/Butadiene Styrene (ABS) | DMF * with 0.05M LiBr | 40 |
Acrylic/Styrene/Acrylonitrile(ASA) | DMF * with 0.05M LiBr | 40 |
Acrylic/Butadiene/Acrylonitrile(ABA) | DMF * with 0.05M LiBr | 40 |
ABS/Polycarbonate | DMF * with 0.05M LiBr | 40 |
Carborymethylcellulose | DMF * with 0.05M LiBr | 40 |
Polyacrylonitrile | DMF * with 0.05M LiBr | 40 |
Polybutadiene/Acrylonitrile | DMF * with 0.05M LiBr | 40 |
Polystyrene/Acrylonitrile (SAN) | DMF * with 0.05M LiBr | ¡¡ |
Polyurethane (Most) | ¡¡ | ¡¡ |
* In most cases, DMAC may be substituted for DMF, again with the 0.05M LiBr | ¡¡ | ¡¡ |
Melamine/Formaldehyde | HFIP with 0.05M NAFTA (Trifluoroacetic acid, sodium salt) | 40 |
Nylon/Polyamides(all nylons plus most other Polyamides) | HFIP with 0.05M NAFTA | ¡¡ |
Phenolic Resins | HFIP with 0.05M NAFTA | 40 |
Polyglycolic Acid | HFIP with 0.05M NAFTA | 40 |
Solvent Selection Guide for Elevated Temperature Organics soluble polymers Polymer | Solvent | Column/Injector Temp. |
Chlorinated Polyetylene | TCB * | 135 - 145 |
Ethlylene/Propylene Diene monomer(EPDM) | TCB * | 135 |
Polyethylene | TCB * | 135 - 145 |
Polyethylene/Ethyl acrylate | TCB * | 135 - 145 |
Polyethylene/Vinyl acetate (EVA) | TCB * | 135 |
Polyethylene/Methacrylic acid | TCB * | 135 - 145 |
Polyphenylene Oxide | TCB * | 135 |
Poly-4-Methyl pentene | TCB * | 135 |
Polypropylene | TCB * | 135 - 145 |
Ultra High Molecular Weight PE(UHMWPE) | TCB * | 145 |
* In most cases, ODCB may be subsitituted for TCB | ¡¡ | ¡¡ |
Polyamide-imide | NMP with 0.05M LiBr | 100 |
Polyether-imide | NMP with 0.05M LiBr | 100 |
Polyether Sulfone | NMP with 0.05M LiBr | 100 |
Polyimide | NMP with 0.05M LiBr | 100 |
Polyvinylidene Fluoride | NMP with 0.05M LiBr | 100 |
Polyacetals | DMP with 0.05M LiBr | 145 |
Polyetherketone(PEK) | 1:1 TCB/Phenol | 145 |
Polyetheretherketone(PEEK) | 1:1 TCB/Phenol | 145 |
Starch | DMSO | 50 - 100 |
Cellulose | DMP with 6M LiCl | 85 |
Disscussion of Organic Solvents for GPC Solvent/Full name | Boiling Point(oC) | Comments |
THF - Tetrahydrofuran | 66 | Highly Flammable,Peroxides may form |
Toluene | 111 | Highly Flammable |
DMF - N,N Dimethylformamide | 153 | Strong Irritant/Toxic (0.05M LiBr added to minimize polar effects) |
DMAC - N,N Dimethylacetamide | 166 | Sames as DMF |
HFIP-1,1,1,3,3,3- hexafluoro-2-propanol | 58 | Very Expensive, Corrosive Vapors harmful |
TCB-1,2,4 Trichlorobenzene | 213 | Toxic; 1.0 gram/4 liters of an antioxidant should be added |
ODCB-orthodichlorobenzene | 173 | Somewhat toxic, also needs antioxidant |
NMP n-methyl pyrrolidone | 202 | Strong Irrotant/Toxic (0.05M LiBr added as for DMF) |
CHCl3-Chloroform | 61 | Known Carcinogen |
CH2Cl2-Methylene Chloride | 40 | Toxic, possible carcinogen |
DMSO - Dimethyl sulfoxide | 189 | Non-toxic |
Solvent Selection Guide for Water soluble Polymers with Methacrylate Gel Column Packings Polymer | Class | Eluent |
Polyetylene oxide | Neutral | 0.10M NaNO3 |
Polyethylene glycol | Neutral | 0.10M NaNO3 |
Polysaccharides, Pullulans | Neutral | 0.10M NaNO3 |
Dextrans | Neutral | 0.10M NaNO3 |
Celluloses(water soluble) | Neutral | 0.10M NaNO3 |
Polyvinyl alcohol | Neutral | 0.10M NaNO3 |
Polyacrylamide | Neutral | 0.10M NaNO3 |
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone | Neutral hydrophobic | 80:20 0.10M NaNO3/Acetonitrile |
Polyacrylic acid Anionic | Anionic | 0.10M NaNO3 |
Polyalginic acid/alginates | Anionic | 0.10M NaNO3 |
Hyaluronic acid | Anionic | 0.10M NaNO3 |
Carrageenan | Anionic | 0.10M NaNO3 |
Polystyrene sulfonate | Anionic hydrophobic | 80:20 0.10M NaNO3/Acetonitrile |
Lignin sulfonate | Anionic hydrophobic | 80:20 0.10M NaNO3/Acetonitrile |
DEAE Dextran | Cationic | 0.80M NaNO3 |
Polyvinylamine | Cationic | 0.80M NaNO3 |
Polyepiamine | Cationic | 0.10% TEA |
n-Acetylglucosamine | Cationic | 0.10M TEA /1% Acetic Acid |
Polyethyleneimine | Cationic, Hydrophobic | 0.50M Sodium Acetate/ 0.50M Acetic Acid |
Poly(n-methyl-2-vinyl pyricinium) 1salt | Cationic, Hydrophobic | 0.50M Sodium Acetate/ 0.50M Acetic Acid |
Lysozyme | Cationic, Hydrophobic | 0.50M Acetic Acid/ 0.30M Sodium sulfate |
Chitosan | Cationic, Hydrophobic | 0.50M Acetic Acid/ 0.30M Sodium sulfate |
Polylysine | Cationic, Hydrophobic | 5% Ammonium Bisphosphate/3% Acetonitrile(pH= 4.0) |
Peptides | Cationic, Hydrophobic | 0.10% TFA/40% |
Collagen/Gelatin | Amphoteteric | 80:20 0.10M NaNO3/Acetonitrile |
Sodium nitrate°¡ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì acetate, sulfate, sodium chloride µîÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÈ °ÍÀ» ÂüÁ¶ÇϽÿÀ. Áß¼º°ú À½ÀÌ¿Â ÈÇÕ¹°µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ¿Â ÀÎÅÍÆäÀ̽º¸¦ Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ÃÖ¼ÒÈ ÇÏ´Â sodium nitrate °¡ ÃßÁøµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ´Ù¾çÇÑ eluent µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀº ÃæÁø¹°ÁúÀÇ Àüü À½ÀÌ¿Â ÀüÇÏÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à methacrylateÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¹°¿¡¼ ºÐ¼®µÉ ¶§ ¾çÀÌ¿ÂÀÇ ½Ã·áµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ¿ÂÈíÂø°ú À½À̿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ¿Â ¹èÁ¦¸¦ À¯¹ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àüü À½ÀÌ¿Â ÀüÇÏ°¡ »ý±â°Ô µÈ´Ù.
Áø°ø»óÅ¿¡¼ eluent ¸¦ Ç×»ó ¿©°ú½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. À¯±â¿ë¸Å¿Í ÇÔ²² Ç÷ç¿À¸£Èź¼Ò ÇÊÅÍ°¡ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. ÇÊÅÍ ±¸¸Û ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ Å©±â´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î 0,45umÀÌ´Ù. ¼ö¿ë¼º GPC(¹°·Î ¿©°ú)ÀÇ °æ¿ì ¸âºê·¹ÀÎ ÇÊÅÍÀÇ ¾Æ¼¼Å×ÀÌÆ® ÇüÅ°¡ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. Light scattering ºÐ¼®À» ¼öÇàÇÒ ¶§, 0.20um filter·Î eluent ¸¦ ¿©°úÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀº »ý°¢ÀÌ´Ù. DMF°°Àº À¯±â ¿ë¸ÅµéÀº Á¡¼ºµµ°¡ ¸Å¿ì Å©°í Ç÷ç¿À¸£Èź¼Ò ÇÊÅÍÀÇ Ç¥¸é¿¡ Á¥Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§ Ãʱ⿡ ¸Þź¿Ã·Î ÇÊÅÍ Ç¥¸éÀ» Àû½Å ÈÄ DMF¿©°ú¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀº tipÀÌ´Ù. ±× ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¸Þź¿Ã/ DMF È¥ÇÕ¹°ÀÇ ÀÛÀº ºÎÇǸ¦ ¹ö¸° ÈÄ ÇÊÅÍ°¡ ¸¶¸£±â Àü¿¡ DMF ¿©°ú¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù.
Concentration ÀÏ´Ü ºÐ¼®¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÀûÀýÇÑ ¿ë¸Å¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇß´Ù¸é, ±× ´ÙÀ½ °úÁ¤Àº narrow standard¿Í ½Ã·á¿ë¾×À» ÁغñÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀϸ¸ÇÑ signal-to-noise¸¦ ¾ò±â À§ÇÏ¿© ÃæºÐÇÑ ³óµµ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÁÖÀÇÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ³ª¿Í Àִ ǥ´Â ÀûÀýÇÑ ³óµµÀÇ ¹üÀ§¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ³óµµµéÀº %ÀÌ°í ¿©±â¿¡¼ 1.0 mg/ml´Â 0.10%ÀÌ´Ù. ¿Âµµ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ ¾î¶² º¸Á¤µµ µÇ¾îÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î »ó¿ÂÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é µÈ´Ù. ¸¸¾à Á¡µµ ¶Ç´Â light scattering ºÐ¼®ÀÌ ÇàÇØÁ³´Ù¸é ÁÖÀԵǴ Á¤È®ÇÑ mass´Â °áÁ¤µÉ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸¾à »ó½ÂµÈ ¿Âµµ¿¡¼ ºÐ¼®ÀÌ ÇàÇØÁø´Ù¸é ¹Ðµµ ¼öÁ¤À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ³ª¿Í ÀÖ´Â ³óµµµéÀº Ä÷³´ç ÁÖÀÔºÎÇÇ°¡ 100ml¸¦ ÃÖ´ëÄ¡·Î °¡Á¤ÈÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Molecular Weight Range | Concentration Range(weight per volume) w/v |
MW > 1,000,000 | 0.007 - 0.02% |
500K - 1,000,000 | 0.02 - 0.07% |
100K - 500K | 0.07 - 0.10% |
50K - 100K | 0.10 - 0.13% |
10K - 50K | 0.13 - 0.16% |
< 50K | 0.16 - 0.20% |
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